Battle of Fort Necessity in the French and Indian War

Battle of Fort Necessity in the French and Indian War In the spring of 1754, Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie dispatched a construction party to the Forks of the Ohio (present-day Pittsburgh, PA) with the goal of building a fort to assert British claims to the area. To support the effort, he later sent 159 militia, under Lieutenant Colonel George Washington, to join the building team. While Dinwiddie instructed Washington to remain on the defensive, he indicated that any attempt to interfere with the construction work was to be prevented. Marching north, Washington found that the workers had been driven away from the forks by the French and had retreated south. As the French began constructing Fort Duquesne at the forks, Washington received new orders instructing him to commence building a road north from Wills Creek. Obeying his orders, Washingtons men proceeded to Wills Creek (present-day Cumberland, MD) and began work. By May 14, 1754, they reached a large, marshy clearing known as the Great Meadows. Establishing a base camp in the meadows, Washington began exploring the area while waiting for reinforcements. Three days later, he was alerted to the approach of a French scouting party. Assessing the situation, Washington was advised by Half King, a Mingo chief allied to the British, to take a detachment to ambush the French. Armies Commanders British Lieutenant Colonel George WashingtonCaptain James McKay393 men French Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers700 men Battle of Jumonville Glen Agreeing, Washington and approximately 40 of his men marched through the night and foul weather to set the trap. Finding the French camped in a narrow valley, the British surrounded their position and opened fire. The resulting Battle of Jumonville Glen lasted about fifteen minutes and saw Washingtons men kill 10 French soldiers and capture 21, including their commander Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers de Jumonville. After the battle, as Washington was interrogating Jumonville, Half King walked up and struck the French officer in the head killing him. Building the Fort Anticipating a French counterattack, Washington fell back to Great Meadows and on May 29 ordered his men to begin constructing a log palisade. Placing the fortification in the middle of the meadow, Washington believed the position would provide a clear field of fire for his men. Though trained as a surveyor, Washingtons relative lack of military experience proved critical as the fort was sited in a depression and was too close to the tree lines. Dubbed Fort Necessity, Washingtons men quickly completed work on the fortification.  During this time, Half King attempted to rally Delaware, Shawnee, and Seneca warriors to support the British. On June 9, additional troops from Washingtons Virginia regiment arrived from Wills Creek bringing his total force up to 293 men. Five days later, Captain James McKay arrived with his Independent Company of regular British troops from South Carolina. Shortly after making camp, McKay and Washington entered into a dispute over who should command. While Washington held a superior rank, McKays commission in the British Army took precedence. The two ultimately agreed on an awkward system of joint command. While McKays men remained at Great Meadows, Washingtons continued work on the road north to Gists Plantation. On June 18, Half King reported that his efforts were unsuccessful and no Native American forces would be reinforcing the British position. Battle of Great Meadows Late in the month, word was received that a force of 600 French and 100 Indians had departed Fort Duquesne. Feeling that his position at Gists Plantation was untenable, Washington retreated to Fort Necessity. By July 1, the British garrison had concentrated, and work began on a series of trenches and earthworks around the fort. On July 3, the French, led by Captain Louis Coulon de Villiers, Jumonvilles brother, arrived and quickly surrounded the fort. Taking advantage of Washingtons mistake, they advanced in three columns before occupying the high ground along the tree line which allowed them to fire into the fort. Knowing that his men needed to clear the French from their position, Washington prepared to assault the enemy.   Anticipating this, Villiers attacked first and ordered his men to charge at the British lines.   While the regulars held their position and inflicted losses on the French, the Virginia militia fled into the fort. After breaking Villiers charge, Washington withdrew all of his men back to Fort Necessity. Outraged by his brothers death, which he considered murder, Villiers had his men maintain a heavy fire on the fort through the day. Pinned down, Washingtons men soon ran short of ammunition. To make their situation worse, heavy rain began which made firing difficult. Around 8:00 PM, Villiers sent a messenger to Washington to open surrender negotiations. With his situation hopeless, Washington agreed. Washington and McKay met with Villiers, however, the negotiations went slowly as neither spoke the others language. Finally, one of Washingtons men, who spoke bits of both English and French, was brought forward to serve as an interpreter. Aftermath After several hours of talking, a surrender document was produced. In exchange for surrendering the fort, Washington and McKay were permitted to withdraw back to Wills Creek. One of the clauses of the document stated that Washington was responsible for the assassination of Jumonville. Denying this, he claimed the translation he had been given was not assassination but death of or killing. Regardless, Washingtons admission was used as propaganda by the French. After the British departed on July 4, the French burned the fort and marched to Fort Duquesne. Washington returned to Great Meadows the following year as part of the disastrous Braddock Expedition. Fort Duquesne would remain in French hands until 1758 when the site was captured by General John Forbes.

Johnstons plan

Johnston's plan was to defeat Grant before Buell could arrive with reinforcements. He moved to attack on Apr. 3, but because of delay in the advance to the Union front, it was not until early on Apr. 6 that his troops fell upon the enemy near Shiloh Church. Grant's position was unfortified, in spite of orders to the contrary from General Halleck, Union commander in the West. Having offensive plans of his own, Grant expected no attack, and consequently his irregularly placed divisions were thrown back in confusion at the Confederate assault (Encarta.msn.com). At a key position, known as the Hornets Nest, 6 thousand Union troops under Prentiss and Gen. Wallace stood ground. It was called the Hornets Nest because the sounds of the bullets flying through the air back and forth sounded like a hornet. The wall was broken when the Confederates brought 62 cannons and shot at point blank straight into the Union troops. This was the largest concentration of artillery ever assemble! d in North America to that point (Bannister 84). In the day's fighting the Confederates swept the field, but they suffered a huge casualty. Johnston was hit by a minie ball in the knee and bled to death on the battlefield. Beauregard, who assumed command, was capable, but he could not sustain the momentum of the fight. Beauregard ceased battle at nightfall. The Union forces had been pushed back over a mile from their first positions but, although hard-pressed, still held Pittsburg Landing, which the Confederates wanted to secure in order to cut off retreat. With 20,000 reinforcements from the division at Crump's Landing and the advance divisions of Buell's army, the Federals took the offensive on Apr. 7. Beauregard, outnumbered and without fresh troops, resisted for about eight hours and then proceeded to withdraw to Corinth; the Union command did not make any effective pursuit (Bannister 87-90). After all the dust had cleared, thousands o ...

Bureaucratic problem by Human Resource Managers Essay

Bureaucratic problem by Human Resource Managers - Essay Example Bureaucracy, Taylorism, Fordism, and Post- Fordism and the shift towards post-bureaucracy Taylorism was concerned with applying principles of scientific management as propounded by Frederick Winslow Taylor was considered too inhuman. Fordism meant applying the mass production way of manufacture as originally envisioned by Henry Ford. The features of this type of management were specialization, formal management-labor relations (labor unions), low skill, low adaptability, uniformity of production etc. This too was thought unfit in a dynamic and competitive consumer market. Post-Fordism is explained by Brusco as â€Å"the emergence since the mid-1960s of a significant demand for more varied and customized gods, produced in short series†. It can be defined as â€Å"a system of administration characterized by specialization of functions, action according to fixed rules, and hierarchy of authority†. But as the above-mentioned definition denotes, the concept required high lev el of specialization, and adherence to rules and procedures, along with a strongly defined and elongated hierarchy with many layers between the worker and the top management. Post-bureaucracy, on the other hand, is a concept that removes these disadvantages in functioning as seen in the earlier management concepts. One of primary proponents of this theory was Heckscher and Donnellon, who argued that modern-day challenges of competition, cost reduction, and innovation cannot be met with the bureaucratic style of functioning.

Realist Approach to Foreign Policy in Syria Research Paper

Realist Approach to Foreign Policy in Syria - Research Paper Example oreign relations strategies that self interest and are chosen by a country to safeguard their national interest so that they can achieve goals within their international relations. The strategies employed here are in relation to other countries and as such interact with those countries (Hinnebusch, 2002). This paper therefore seeks to analyze the realist approach to foreign policy in Syria; what do/would Hans Morgenthau and John Mearsheimer says about that; how they would interpret it; and why. Further the paper will give a brief conclusion on the subject issue – foreign policy. In relation to the US foreign policy in Syria, there in deed exist two contrasting sides in the debate. They are the realists and the ‘declinists’. The realists see the policy as one that favours the implementers understanding their interest while the declinists think otherwise. Obama’s administration could be engaging in a very guarded but also genuine diplomacy with this country Syria. Is it an issue of great powers having a sphere influence? The use of fight to end a fight or rather fighting a war with the intention of preventing or ending one is what the other side sees. These two opposing sides seeks argue their sides based on their observations and analysis of the foreign policy in Syria. The foreign policy seams a well thought idea and the resultant outcomes can be assessed from the point of view of the enforcers. However, an analysis of the realist approach to foreign policy in Syria has a lot to reveal. The realist theory supports the idea that foreign policy as an amoral field needs an approach that has a pragmatic power considerations in relation to national interests and not a pursuit to goals that are a nations ideals (Mearsheimer, 2014). In the Middle East, Syria as a country has been a critical power in maintaining a balance. The realist theory, believes that states should act in accordance to their vital needs and not institutions or international norms they

Barriers and Disparities in Health Care Research Paper

Barriers and Disparities in Health Care - Research Paper Example The paper â€Å"Barriers and Disparities in Health Care† investigates the numerous barriers to achieving satisfactory health care, which in turn lead to disparities and eventually result into poor healthcare. Some of the barriers currently existing in the health care provision include geographic barriers, socioeconomic and cultural barriers. Geographical barriers refer to people living in the rural parts who cannot get quality health care because of insufficient facilities in those regions. Health care facilities in the rural regions are normally understaffed because there is challenge of recruiting the health care providers to work in the rural regions. Rural populations are exposed to numerous geographic and climatic barriers which at times makes the hospitals to be located in rugged terrain which are not easily accessible. Moreover, there are lacks public transportation in the rural areas which hinders populace from receiving health care. There is also widespread poverty in rural areas than in the urban settlements. Socioeconomic factors also largely deters adequate provision of quality health care since low income households cannot afford health insurance cover and access the high cost of health care delivery. The less income families may not be able to pay for essential out of pocket charges such as deductibles and medicines even if they may afford insurance cover. Socioeconomic factors are therefore very significant in preventing adequate access to health care facilities.... Cultural beliefs about diseases and health care differ amongst different communities around the world across the world. For instance, the Western attribute of healthcare may differ from other countries health belief systems. Other people especially from Asia are always comfortable with traditional mode of treatment than the modern strong and improved medicines. Sensitivity about culture is therefore very important because any disregard of culture by a healthcare practitioner may prevent an individual from vulnerable populace from receiving quality healthcare. There is disparity in health literacy and therefore health care providers must ensure that they consider cultural considerations before for successful health care delivery (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 2013). Health Care Disparity Better health outcome requires that the entire population should receive equally superior health care but this has not been the case due to numerous disparities that persist. Disparities however differ in almost every population depending on various factors. Ethnicity, culture and race are amongst the parameters that contribute to disparities in healthcare provision. Generally, these disparities can be classified into communication failure, provider discrimination and lack of preventive care (Mason, Leavitt & Chaffee, 2006). Communication between health care providers and the patients is vital in ensuring adequate provision of health care. Failure to properly communicate may result into inappropriate diagnosis and improper admission of medicines. There are some patients who cannot speak similar language as the health providers hence there may be a need of

Composites Used In Aircraft Structure Engineering Essay

Composites Used In Aircraft Structure Engineering Essay This report explores the uses of composites in modern aircrafts and investigates the technical effects of applying composites to aircrafts. In addition, this report also evaluates the future usage of composites in aerospace industry. Background Composites are defined as engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties those remain separate and distinct on a macroscopic level within the finished structure. (Definition, 2010) The American Heritage Dictionary (Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1981) comes close, with a complex material, such as wood or fiber glass, in which two or more complementary substances, especially metals, ceramics, glasses, and polymers, combine to produce some structural or functional properties not present in any individual component. The problem with even a good definition, of course, is that it is all encompassing, so that every material in the universe could in some sense be defined as a composite. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Composites are first introduced after crash cases of aircrafts due to metal fatigue in the 1950s. And since then the use of composites in aircrafts increases exponentially over time. Method of Investigation Information is obtained online in the form of e-books, news articles and industrial reports. Furthermore, relevant book from SP library had been used in this report. Scope of Investigation This report explores the history of composites. Besides, this report also explores the types of composites used in aircraft structure, for example carbon fiber, fiberglass and Kevlarà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ aramid, as well as fabrication of the carbon fiber. Furthermore, this report discusses the technical effects and applications of composites in aircraft structure. Composites in the future such as self-repairing composites and shape memory composites are also discussed in this report. History of Composites Composites were introduced in the 1950s and 1960s, fiber-reinforced plastic, was introduced to substitute the usage of duralumin in the structure of aircrafts. Before composites were introduced, primary structure of aircrafts was made largely of aluminum alloy. Duralumin, a type of aluminum alloy, was widely used in aircrafts primary structure due to its high strength to weight ratio and good toughness. Furthermore, good corrosion resistance of duralumin makes it so suitable to be used under harsh condition. However, in 1950s, a fully loaded De Havilland Comet jet airliner crashed due to metal fatigue. This gave rise to demand of materials suitable for aircrafts primary structure with high fatigue resistance. English scientist, Norman de Bruline, was the first to propose the use of composite materials in aircrafts structures. Then, more and more composites were introduced to suit certain requirement of properties of aircrafts structure. Modern fibers, such as carbon-reinforced fibers, Kevlarà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ aramid, glass-reinforced fibers and boron fibers, are the stiffest and strongest materials known. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Modern Composites Composites are well known for their favorable properties such as high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, very high stress level, high fatigue resistance and good corrosion resistance. Some of the widely used composites in aircraft structures will be discussed below. In common, all composites are made of relatively weak bonding of lamination of materials. Hence, core in composite laminate is introduced to increase the laminates stiffness by effectively thickening it with a low-density core material. This can provide a dramatic increase in stiffness for very little additional weight, where lightweight implication is so crucial for aircraft structure. For example, application of honeycomb core provides stronger impact resistance to composite laminates. With its hollow cells, it provides good energy absorption and sound dampening effect to the laminates. Types There are many types of composites currently used in aircraft structure. However, in this part only carbon fiber, fiberglass and Kevlarà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ aramid will be discussed. Carbon Fiber Carbon or graphite fiber is basically fiber that contains more than 90% of carbon. Carbon fibers are ideal for lightweight reinforcement, as well as high strength, high stiffness application in aircrafts structure, due to its unique combinations of properties. High-performance carbon fibers are available in a range of properties, product forms, and prices. Most of the Carbon Fibers are made from organic polymers, with chains of carbons connected to each other, such as polyacrylonitrile (PAN). (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Fiberglass Fiberglass is a reinforcing material that is widely used in aircraft structure. More than 70% of the reinforcement of thermosetting resins is made of fiberglass. In general, the longer the fibers, the greater the strength of the fibers is. And continuous fibers are the strongest amongst all. Glass does not burn, and at high temperature glass retains its mechanical properties, up to 50 per cent of its strength at 700 °F. Furthermore, glass has excellent moisture resistance compared to metals. Thus, it is suitable for application on aircraft structures. Lime-alumina-borosilicate glass, or E glass, was the first glass developed specifically for continuous fibers production. It is designed for electrical applications, with its good adaptability and high effectiveness in processes and products, ranging from decorative to structural applications in aircrafts. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Kevlarà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Aramid Kevlarà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ aramid, introduced commercially in the 1970s, is an aromatic long-chain polyamide polymer produced by spinning using standard textile techniques. It was introduced to replace steel in racing tires. Kevlarà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ aramid is well known for its high tensile strength, low density and good impact resistance with about half the stiffness of graphite structure. These properties offer a better choice for materials used in aircraft structures. For example, Kevlarà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 49 aramid fiber is widely used as reinforcement for plastic composites in aerospace, marine, automotive, and other industrial applications. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Fabrication In general, the reinforcing and matrix materials are combined, compacted and processed to undergo a melding event. In this part, fabrication of carbon fiber will be discussed in details. Figure 1 below illustrates the brief process of fabrication of carbon fiber, from its precursor form to the fiber. Figure 1 Fabrication Of Carbon Fiber (Flow Chart, 2010) Firstly, acrylonitrile, CH2CHCN, a chemical compound derived from propylene and ammonia, is mixed with another plastic in powder form, and is then reacted with a catalyst in a solution polymerization process. In results, a polymer is formed. After that, the polymer is put under spinning process to form the internal atomic structure of the fiber. This process is done by heating up the mixture and pump through tiny jets into a chamber where the solvents evaporate. The polymer is then washed and stretched to align the molecules within the fiber. This complete process is called stretching. The final product after this process is known as precursor. Next, the fibers will undergo oxidation process. The fibers are heated in air to about 200 to 300 °C for 30 to 120 minutes, to convert the linear atomic bonding to ladder bonding. This is to prepare a more thermally stable bonding of fibers. After the fibers are stabilized, they are heated again to 1000 to 3000 °C for several minutes in a furnace. This has to be done in inert environment to prevent fibers from burning with presence of oxygen gas. As the fibers are heated, they start to lose their carbon atoms as well as non-carbon atoms while the remaining carbon atoms will form a tightly bonded carbon crystals that are aligned almost parallel to the longitudinal axis of the fibers. This process is known as carbonization. In some processes, two furnaces are operating in two different temperatures to provide a better control of heating rate. Lastly, the fibers will undergo surface treatments such as oxidation to provide better bonding properties, coating to protect fibers from external damage. (Composites Manufacturing, 2006) Technical Effects Generally, composites are superior in fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance, and high strength-to-weight ratio. These properties give composite aircrafts better fuel efficiency as well as better load capacity, as compared to the metal alloy counterparts. In addition, composites design offers lower maintenance cost compared to that of metal alloy design. Composite parts are manufactured as a whole, compared to metal parts are manufactured in the form of sheet metals and are connected by means of fasteners, the former greatly reduce maintenance cost by simplifying maintenance procedure. Figure 2 below shows the fuselage barrel section being manufactured in one piece, without the needs of fasteners. Figure 2 Boeing 787 DreamLiner Fuselage (Composites Material, 2004) However, composites are not as almighty as they have been told. For instance, most composite materials are poor in electric conductivity and such, causing them to be more susceptible to damage due to lightning strikes. Compared to metal alloy airframes, composite counterparts require extra procedure in order to take care of the electric charge from the lightning as well as static charge from friction when flying. Furthermore, unlike metals, composites break without sign or physical warning. Compared to aluminum alloy, composites do not bend when subjected to impact but break once they fail to withstand the load. Applications Composites are currently used widely in aerospace industry. Primary structures, for example fuselage, wings, ailerons, flaps, empennage, are made of composites in modern aircrafts. For example, composites contributed 50 per cent to the weight of Boeing 787 DreamLiner, whilst almost 100 per cent of the fuselage skin and wings surface are composites. Figure 3 below illustrates the usage of composites in Boeing 787 as compared to that in Boeing 777, has increased significantly. Figure 3 Goodbye Metal Planes (Goodbye Metal Plane, 2005) Secondary structures such as pressure bulkheads, floor beams, and landing gear door are also made of composites. Furthermore, composites are also used in interior. Composites In The Future Self-Repairing Composites Self-repairing composites are composites that are able to repair cracks on the aircrafts as they happen. Figure 4 below illustrates the fundamental of self-repairing composites. By designing a network of glass rods filled with resin, it is possible to stop the crack from propagating and repair the aerodynamics characteristic of the aircraft when crack happen in flight. Figure 4 Self Healing Artificial Skin (Self Repairing, 2007) However, there are limitations in self-repairing composites, for example, the supply of the resin in the network. A system with vascular network has to be developed to resupply the resin so that self-repairing composites serve their purpose from time to time. Shape Memory Composites Shape memory composites are composites that retain one or two shapes after being cold-worked. Figure 5 illustrates how shape memory composites retain shapes after being subjected to heat. Figure 5 Shape Memory (Shape Memory, 2007) This is highly useful in aircrafts design as it means the aerodynamics of the aircrafts can now be controlled according to whether maneuverability or stability is needed. Conclusion Composites are currently used as a better material used in aircraft primary structures, substituting aluminum alloy that had been used for decades. Due to composites superiority in corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and weight saving, it is expected that incoming models of aircrafts will use composites extensively. Application of composites in modern aircrafts once again proves that composites are more reliable than metal alloys in airworthiness. However, further development of composites should be done to overcome weaknesses found currently to further improve the safety of aircrafts.

The Essence of Tragedy in The Book of Job and Oedipus Rex :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Essence of Tragedy in The Book of Job and Oedipus Rex    In the search for the essence of the tragedy, The Book of Job and Oedipus Rex are central. Each new tragic protagonist is in some degree a lesser Job or Oedipus, and each new work owes an indispensable element to the Counselors and to the Greek idea of the chorus. The Book of Job, especially the Poet's treatment of the suffering and searching Job, is behind Shakespeare and Milton, Melville, Dostoevski, and Kafka. Its mark is on all tragedy of alienation, from Marlowe's Faustus to Camus' Stranger, in which there is a sense of separation from a once known, normative, and loved deity or cosmic order or principle of conduct. In emphasizing dilemma, choice, wretchedness of soul, and guilt, it spiritualized the Promethean theme of Aeschylus and made it more acceptable to the Christianized imagination. In working into one dramatic context so great a range of mood---from pessimism and despair to bitterness, defiance, and exalted insight---it is father to all tragedy where the stress is on the inner dynamics of man's response to destiny. Oedipus stresses not so much man's guilt or forsakeness as his ineluctable lot, the stark realities which are and always will be. The Greek tradition is less nostalgic and less visionary---the difference being in emphasis, not in kind. There is little pining for a lost Golden Age, or yearning for utopia, redemption, or heavenly restitution. But if it stresses man's fate, it does not deny him freedom. Dramatic action, of course, posits freedom; without it no tragedy could be written. In Aeschylus' Prometheus Kratos (or Power) says, "None is free but Zeus," but the whole play proves him wrong. Even the Chorus of helpless Sea Nymphs, in siding with Prometheus in the end, defy the bidding of the gods. Aeschylus' Orestes was told by Apollo to murder his mother, but he was not compelled to. The spirit with which he acquiesced in his destiny ( a theme which Greek tragedy stresses as Job does not) is of a free man who, though fated, could have withdrawn and not acted at all. Even Euripides, who of all the Greek Tragedians had the direst view of the gods' compulsiveness in man's affairs, shows his Medea and Hippolytus as proud and decisive human beings. And, as Cedric Whitman says about the fate of Oedipus, the prophecy merely predicted Oedipus' future, it did not determine it.

History of Lithuania Essay

The country of Lithuania had originated in the in the 12th century during the reign of Mindaugas in which became the king of the state in during 1251. In 1325 due matrimony, another individual became the King of Poland Ladislaus II who was able to unite the countries of Poland and Lithuania. By 1410, the Polish and Lithuanians together were able to defeat groups of Teutonic Knights at the Tannenberg who were extremely powerful during that those times. In the period of the 14th and 16th century the states of Lithuania and Poland was one of the largest Empires in Europe that encompasses that spaces from the Black Sea up until the Moscow region. In the past, the countries of Lithuania and Poland had made a union which lasted for approximately 200 years. The countries formally united within in 1569. The countries of Austria, Prussia and Russia detached from Poland during the years of 1772 until 1795. For the reason that Poland was divided into several states, Lithuania was left to be ruled under Russia. As Russia was ruled over Lithuania, it tried to immerse their newly acquired country into the Russian language and culture. However, there had become a rise of anti-Russian protests. After the collapse of Russia throughout the World War I, Lithuania have declared their independence but still under another foreign assistance—Germany in 1918. (infoplease n. p. ) In 1940, the Republic of Lithuania was taken over by the Soviet Union. Starting one June 1941 until 1944 German Troops were able to occupy the state of Lithuania therefore, the Lithuanian army served the World War II in representation of Germany. As a consequence, there were estimated 240,000 Jews were slaughtered for the period of the Nazi Regime. Again, Soviets were able to invade Lithuania during 1944. (infoplease n. p. ) In 1988, the movements for the Lithuanian independence have again emerged again. The non-communist leader of the largest and most popular Lithuanian movement (Sajudis) Vytautas Landsbergis became the elected president of the again newly independent state of Lithuania. By the day in which the new president was elected, the Supreme Council of the Republic of Lithuania has declared that they are rejecting the Soviet ruling and are in preparation to restore the independence of the state. Because of the decision to restore independence, the Soviet Union immediately imposed economic sanction. However, after a while the sanction was lifted through a â€Å"face-saving compromise. † (infoplease n. p. ) With the state of Lithuania’s decision to be independent, the state was immediately recognized by various key European countries as well as the United States and other nations. In September of 1991, at last the Soviet Union have accepted and recognized the independence of the former Baltic States. Finally in the 17th September 1991, the United Nations have admitted the newly independent states. Also during these time, the successful implementation of various legislative and structural reforms helped Lithuania to attract numerous direct foreign investments. The investments and interest of the various foreign investors had paved the way for Lithuania to have development and ride the waves through the international economy. (infoplease n. p. ) During the year 2001, Lithuania had finally accepted the offer of membership made by European Union (EU) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and formally joined the two international organizations in the year 2004. In the year 2003, Valdas Adamkus an incumbent President was beaten by Rolandas Parksas during the presidential election. Adamkus became very upset and disappointed with the results of the election because it was Adamkus was the person responsible in the entry of Lithuania to the EU and NATO. However in the month of April in the year 2004, Paksas was ejected from the presidential seat due to the various issues and one of those were his investigated connections among Russian mobsters. This issue brought by Paksas became the most devastating political crisis which invaded the state of Lithuania since its independence since the Soviet Union’s ruling. After the removal of Paksas in the office, Adamkus was again elected to the presidential seat. (infoplease n. p. ) Current Demographics and Socioeconomic Status: The formal name of Lithuania is Republic of Lithuania or Lietuvos Respublika in their local language. The state of Lithuania is located within the Eastern Europe which is bordering the Baltic Sea, Russia (227 kilometers), Latvia (576 kilometers), and Belarus (680 kilometers). The territory of Lithuania has a total of 65,300 square kilometres and could be closely compared to the size of West Virginia however the republic state is somewhat larger (CIA n. p). The landscape of Lithuania is known to be predominantly has a flat lands however it is mostly containing fertile lands which are very suitable for agricultural industries. There are two varieties of hills which is located in the north and southern part of the country. Although there are two hills within the territory of Lithuania, there is no land form which could be closely compared to mountains because the hills were only an average of 500 feet. The highest of the hills is the Juozapines Hill which is 958 feet located near the border of Belarus. In addition, the country is mostly covered with woodland and forests. (Bultje 11) The coast line of Lithuania is located near the Baltic Sea (62 milers away) which is in the western part of the state. The coastline of the territory is composed of an excessively amount of sandbar which is about 2 miles wide which the have called Curonian Spit while the water linking the sandbar and the mainland is called Curonian Lagoon. Lithuania is known to have numerous rivers within its rivers. One of the most known rivers in Lithuania is Neman River or the Memel in the German Language. The Neman is the longest river in Lithuania which is 582 miles from Belarus and flows until the city of Kaunas and then it finally go through the Baltic Sea. Other rivers in Lithuania are Neris and Ventra. Although there are many rivers which are available most of the rivers are not passable by boat. There are 3,000 lakes in the territory which are most located in the eastern part of Lithuania. The largest lake in the country is Druksiai (17. sq. m. ) but the deepest is Tauragnas (198 ft). (Bultje 12) The climate in the country of Lithuania is known to be reasonably mild however; it differs within the inland and the coastal areas. In the location of the coastal regions it mostly has maritime temperatures—meaning the weather in the winter and summer is not far from each other. In addition, humidity is also fairly high. The central regions of Lithuania have a continental temperature in which it has specific seasons. Similar to other countries, the climates vary from summer and winter but the state only has a few rainfalls. During the summer time, which is from the months of May to August, the temperatures in the central region could reach the temperature of 86  °F but in the coastal areas it is typically cooler than the inland temperature. The winter in Lithuania is usually longer than the summer time. The winter season is during November to March where in there is a harsh frost and thick white snow often lies on the ground. Often, the numerous lakes become frozen. In addition, there are snowstorms and freezing rains which are likely to occurring during these months. In the eastern part of the country, the weather usually gets colder than other parts of the country. The temperature of in the eastern region could drop up to 13  °F. In comparison to the summer seasons where in the coastal areas are mostly temperate in the coastal areas, the winter season makes the coastal areas much colder. Compared to the winter season, spring is extremely short. During the month of April where in the snow has already melted the flowers and plants immediately pops out from the ground. The autumn season starts in the September which is has low temperature with a mixture of low temperature. (Bultje 13)

Inetrview with a person from a controlled environment essays

Inetrview with a person from a controlled environment essays What controlled environment did you spend time in? How long? When I graduated from High School I entered into the Merchant Marine Academy at Fort Schuyler in New York. From then until I was in my mid thirties I was involved with ocean liners, tankers and ships. For periods of one year at a time I would be on a ship traveling the world, making shipments and patrolling the seas. The controlled environment was both on the ship and in the academy. Once on the ship I had to obey the rules and morals taught to us in the academy. Was there an effort to separate you from your former identity? No not really. Contrary to the NAVY, ARMY or Marines our boot camp was less severe and did not include such physical conditioning. Our personalities were not changed because we were not in combat and did not have to learn to be a killing machine. What were the most important rules you had to follow? Besides not falling in the water, we had to obey almost everything our captain told us. Our captain was like our parents his wishes were our commands. The captain set the standards and the rules for us to follow. What were the least and less important rules you had to follow? There was a uniform but it was not very important that we followed it. As an officer we had to look respectable but usually the uniform requirements were not met. We also had a curfew but that was rarely followed and it was rare for a person to get into any trouble for breaking curfew. What were some of the make-dos the inmates made up for their deprivations with? Since there was no T.V. almost every night after dinner we held chess and checkers tournament. The games were fast paced and mostly just for fun, no money was ever wagered. We also drank a lot of beer when we were at sea for extended amounts of time. Which were accepted by the authorities and which were not? Well the chess tournaments everyone enjoyed and we ...

Dieting Sleep Essay Example

Dieting Sleep Essay Example Dieting Sleep Paper Dieting Sleep Paper Sleep is a very important activity of the day. It is a time by which people get time to rest for their tiresome activities. Sleep, according from the article â€Å"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep†, it is a time when our body is resting, doing nothing while our brains stay active doing different actions on our body. Studies show that most organisms, especially human beings use sleep as a form of rest for the whole day activity. However, the amount of sleep needed b a person varies with others. Generally speaking, infants or new – born babies require about 16 to 18 hours since that is the time when their bodies are being prepared for the upcoming activities for their growths and developments. Researches also say that the time of sleep decreases as a person grows older. Say for example the average hours of sleep of an adult ranges from 6 to 8 hours depending on his or her activities every day. Many studies, like with MedicineNet, show some examples of the advantages of a good sleep. Let us first define what a good sleep is: it does not merely depend on the quantity of sleep that we get each day but also by the quality we got for the whole time we are sleeping. A cut or skip in our sleeping time may result in a bad, irritable, less energized and long day. Since we have not slept enough, the energies needed to perform our daily activities will not be restored accurately and adequately. Moreover, we may feel restless for the time that we will be working the next hours when we wake up for a cut or short sleep. On the other hand, sleeping in an abusive manner can actually cause us disadvantages, like obesity, heart failures, and some digestive disorders. Either we obtain lack or excess of our sleeping time, the disadvantages count and can really affect the way we will handle things in the future. Say for example, call center agents or technical sales representatives who use to obtain their sleep in a different time frame can have digestive disorders due to some adjustments in their diets. Obesity is also a side – effect of sleep due to metabolism and the same goes with diabetes. It is important that we could have a complete evaluation of our habits that we are able to improve the necessary and remove the unnecessary tasks thus enabling us to achieve a healthy body and mind all throughout the day. This paper will focus on adjusting the amount of sleep I should be having every day, the reasons behind them and the possible rewards I will get for achieving my goal: to have an adequate and good quality sleep in 5 days. I used to be†¦ In evaluating my activities for the past months, I realized that I am unconsciously doing a bad habit that leads me to getting a sleep during late night; that is because I am sleeping or taking a nap in the afternoon. Having so much sleep leads me to having a heavier body. I do not feel confident anymore with the calories I am saving in the afternoon, and it is a waste of resources that I get to bu new clothes for m additional size. Let’s do the dieting Since people are designed or are used to sleep at night, I have decided to control myself from taking a nap in the afternoon and just do some productive things instead. Talking to my grandmother or having a walk with m roommates can be a good outlet of this bad habit. Gaining insights from a well experiencing woman may be rewarding itself. Since I really love being with m grandmother, it will be a fun experience to have her ever afternoon to talk to, besides, serving her would be fulfilling for me. On the other hand, my roommate is a good example of a physically fit woman: good and healthy skin, with good eye sight and good body, I guess. I already had an arrangement with her to remind me of staying awake in the afternoon so that I will be forced to do something else or to have some sharing or fellowship in the afternoon. She happened to be a prayer partner, so it is a good opportunity for sharing our hopes and wishes for each other. In order for me to achieve a physically fit body, I think I should be sleeping for about 6 – 7 sleep in a day for the whole week or even those 5 weekdays. That will not be easy since I was used to sleeping in the afternoon, but forcing myself to sleep may be a good help: doing a 10 minute meditation or by simply putting away my computer before 11 PM (such a destruction for m goal). The test or change in this behavior must take place and become successful by the end of this semester. Rewarding still Even though it will be difficult at first, I am aware that having the adequate sleep will help me improve my physical attributes also enriching my self – esteem and thus making my interaction with other people worthwhile. The benefits of the attainment of the aim of this change in my behavior can help me have my passes to Florida. I shall be giving myself some break and that is to go shopping with my roommates in Florida. We may be meeting new friends there, and we may also gain a number of experiences that will add up to the fruit of my discipline. Good and healthy body can be obtained through discipline. Since we already know the things, habits and actions that will make us physically fit, it is up to us to take the steps in achieving those. Perhaps a healthy body can also be connected with the other aspects of our lives such as with our emotional, psychological, mental and spiritual beings. Having enough energy for the next day will help us become upright and on the go. References National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2007. Brain Basics:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Understanding Sleep. Retrieved 21 November 2008 from  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ninds.nih.gov/disorders/brain_basics/understanding_sleep.htm Your Guide to Healthy Sleep. In MedicineNet.Inc. Retrieved 21 November 2008  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from medicinenet.com/sleep/article.htm#tocb

The oppression of Victorian women and expressing feminist sentiment, Dissertation

The oppression of Victorian women and expressing feminist sentiment, concerning hysteria, in The Awakening in terms of the gothi - Dissertation Example Victorian women faced multi-faceted oppression by society; however, this was perceived as the only appropriate mode of life for them. Any woman, who dared to defy conventional norms by indulging in an illicit relation, expressed sensual desires, and mouthed discomfort against masochistic behaviours, was socially condemned and regarded as hysterical (Austin & Boyd, 2010, p.496). Utter disregard for womanly penchants and suppression of feminist sentiments produced negative impacts on female psyche which by the end of 19th century was understood as a medical disorder by the likes of Sigmund Freud. It was due to the efforts on Freud’s behalf and the literary masterpieces from the late 19th century that put forth the logic that hysteria was a natural phenomenon resulting from feelings of oppression and belittling of humanly yearnings (Sulloway, 1992, p.47). Feminism which before 19th century was largely encapsulated as the freedom to give birth and enjoy motherhood, was propagated as an urge for attaining social equality, privilege for preferred sensual orientation, and independence for selecting a way of life. Gothic literature primarily focused on enlightening people about the actuality of hysteria and the dislike towards biased moral/cultural norms was voiced strongly (Toohey, 2012, p.242). It expressed feminist sentiments and described the impact of stereotypical gender roles from a female’s perspective. Kate Chopin's â€Å"The Awakening† (1899), Charlotte Perkins Gilman's â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† (1892) and Henry James â€Å"The Turn of the Screw† (1898), etc. displayed feminist sentiments concerning hysteria profoundly (Serafin & Bendixen, 2005, p.362). The Awakening, the centre of discussion here, displays a Victorian era society in Louisiana during 1899, and underlines tabooed themes of feminine biological desires and pursuance of self-identity through the protagonist Edna Pontellier. Revealing hysteria as a repercussion of pursuing self-identity in The Awakening: The Awakening is one of those few literary masterpieces that covered the theme of oppression and depression comprehensively. In this novel, forced social obligations and suppressed female emotions were shown as the cause of bringing them to the verge of insanity. It did not deal with any single aspect of oppression but provided an in-depth analysis of how feminist pursuance of self-identity and female individuality was totally crushed in a male-dominated society. Edna was not just searching for freedom to entertain her unfulfilled sensual urges that was an outcome of unhappy and excessively authoritative marital relation, but she wanted to gain freedom for self-discovery. Here it is important to pay attention to the fact the Victorian era men played a significant role in the outbreak of maddening behaviours among women. Danahay explains that in Victorian era, biased gender role distinction primarily on the biological basis was the â€Å" most extreme form of segregation yet seen in an industrialised nation† (2005, p.2). Women had no particular rights upon their body or mind whatsoever, hence; it was paramount that there was no acceptance for â€Å"permissible sexual activities,† and â€Å"range of role choices†

Rise of Communism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rise of Communism - Essay Example Although global communism was at first tolerable, it drew opposition from a theory emanating in 1917 and 1933 that global communism was to be attained through revolutions. As such, the twentieth century saw the rise of two massive communist revolutions, Chinese and Russian Revolutions.The Russian Revolution of 1917 saw series of revolutionary uprisings in Russia within the year. In February the Emperor together with the old regime was replaced by a provisional government that was later replaced in October by a communist, Bolshevik, government (Gleason, Kenez, and Stites, 1985). The onset of the revolution took place in modern day Saint Petersburg where the imperial government formed the provisional government. However, the governance of the provisional government was not satisfactory for the Bolsheviks who protested and later in October took control after mobilizing masses’ support. For example, the decision by the provisional government to commence with the German conflict dr ew contestation hence fueling the misunderstandings further. However, after the October revolution the following years saw the onset of the Russian civil wars. The Russian Revolution was sparked by decreasing confidence in the government due to the strained economic status and poor wages making it easy to mobilize masses. During this period the First World War was ongoing and some of Russia’s major economic activities had been derailed causing inflation and food shortages in the capital. (Kenez, and Stites, 1985).