Macbeth- the Destruction of Power

Within William Shakespeare’s play, ‘Macbeth’, the destructive nature of power is immensely explored. The nature of power is obliquely and inevitably expressed through Macbeth’s ambitious drive for supremacy, the unknown and distraught notion of fate and free will, as well as a personal reaction towards the concept of power. Although, the majority of the play is based on the destructive nature of power, the moral nature of power is also portrayed, in spite of the evil. Macbeth was naturally an ambitious man, who constantly desired more.However, he was greatly influenced by his wife Lady Macbeth, for in the beginning Macbeth’s nature was â€Å"too full o[f] the milk of human kindness†. Lady Macbeth’s provocation encouraged the evil residing in Macbeth and his ambition only increased â€Å"I have no spur to prick the sides of my intent, but only vaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itself and falls on the other. † The weird sisters we re aware of his overpowering determination and were able to manipulate him into believing he had the potential to gain â€Å"absolute power†.Via these strong influences and his unfathomable ambition, Macbeth went to great extents to retrieve ultimate power, essentially transforming into a tyrant within the process. Macbeth’s level of free will is questionable, for it seems that despite the triggers of his ferocious actions, he was an exceptionally hubris man. The witches can be depicted as advocators for fate, rather than fate itself and with the support of manipulation, they were able to convert Macbeth into an ignorant autocrat. â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is Fair. Weird sister’s prophecies were not what they seemed. Although, Macbeth received various triggers that led to his destiny, it is likely that he would have received the same fate, had the witches not interfered. â€Å"I'll make assurance double sure, And take a bond of fate. † Macbeth attempts to control fate by murdering his possible threats to power. Macbeth was ambitious at heart and clearly a power driven man, whom takes pride in his masculinity and in essence already on the pathway to destruction.Macbeth was too focused on gaining his own power and control, to comprehend the issues arising against him. As Macbeth aspired to optimum power, he gradually began to dehumanise. â€Å"What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? † Lady Macbeth questions whether the guilt and anxiety of murdering these loyal people was worth the power or lack of it. The weird sisters manipulated Macbeth into believing he was invincible, resulting in irrational acts of terrorism against the people of Scotland.Murder, betrayal, torture and cruelty were inflicted upon all of Macbeth’s followers on a regular basis, whom were forced to obey him. â€Å"I am in blood, stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more† Macbeth went too far, to withdraw and developed into a tyrannical leader for the simple reason he had the power to do so. What he chose to do with his power lead to his corruption, although, not all choose the wrong path. There are some individuals born to lead and gain power, with the intention of goodness and then there are others who do not retain the ability to effectively control their power.Duncan and Malcolm both emanate morality, with the aspiration to improve and support their country, Scotland. â€Å"But I must also feel it as a man,† Malcolm exclaims as he understands he must feel compassion In order to become a respectable leader. The destructive nature of power is explored in many aspects throughout the play, for each individual reacts differently. Macbeth was ambitious at heart and easily influenced to commit such brutality against his own people.However, Malcolm and Duncan were able to harness and control their power with intention of supporting their country to the best of their abilities. Mac beth’s fate seemed inevitable despite the weird sister’s interference, for he already retained the qualities of an ambitious tyrant. Macbeth ultimately desired power with fierce determination and eventually received it. Once he had acquired all power, he became ignorant and apparently ‘invincible’ ultimately resulting in his destruction.

Comfort Conditions In Urban Spaces In Crete Environmental Sciences Essay

There is an incontestable relevancy between thermic environment in out-of-door public infinites and their degree of usage. Since climatic conditions straight affect the usage and activities of out-of-door infinites, they should be taken into history when planing public infinites. The out-of-door infinites design particularly in urban countries is really critical in Southern Europe due their drawn-out usage during summertime where the urban heat island phenomenon is present. This paper presents the consequences of out-of-door infinites field studies conducted in four different urban unfastened infinites in Crete. Physical on site measurings were conducted and a questionnaire study was used in order to measure the thermic comfort of visitants. With the proposed method, a strong connexion between microclimate on out-of-door comfort conditions and the usage of unfastened infinite is revealed. The field studies besides reveal assorted issues sing adaptability of users to the out-of-door environment, proposing that a strictly physiological attack is unequal in qualifying thermic comfort conditions in out-of-door infinites, therefore stressing the demand for look intoing different ways to quantify comfort conditions out-of-doorss. Thermal indices like CP ( Cooling power ) , PMV ( Predicted Mean Vote ) , PET ( Psysiological Equivalent Temperature ) and SET ( Standard Effective Temperature ) are used to measure the appraisal of urban microclimate. Study findings besides elucidate design of out-of-door public infinites in hot and humid parts. Keywords: Outdoor thermic comfort ; microclimatic monitoring ; field studies ; sustainable designIntroductionThere is strong public involvement in the quality of unfastened urban infinites and it is acknowledged that they can lend to the quality of life within metropoliss, or perversely heighten isolation and societal exclusion [ 1,2 ] . The major factor that determines the quality of the unfastened urban infinites is the clime conditions that occur in the micro graduated table environment [ 3 ] . Humidity degrees, particularly in hot climes and coastal parts [ 4,5 ] the mean beaming temperature every bit good as the cold air supply within the urban infinite affect the wellness [ 6 ] and good being of the citizens therefore the development of the whole metropolis country in several ways, affect on touristry [ 7,8 ] , affect on the local market, affect on the abodes [ 9 ] . Particularly in islands this relationship is more apparent because the bulk of the unfastened infinite is in the signifier of a big cardinal square in the metropolis centre [ 10 ] ; in this manner every intercession to the unfastened infinite may hold obvious good consequences in the sustainability of the whole urban system [ 11 ] . Understanding the profusion of microclimatic features in out-of-door infinites, and the comfort deductions for the people utilizing them can help urban â€Å" adjustment † and find the basic factors of sustainable design [ 12 ] . This realisation, in bend, has given rise to increased research on the subject in the last few old ages [ 13-15 ] .The initial findings of the current research survey seek to accomplish a better apprehension of the profusion of microclimatic features in out-of-door urban infinites in islands and the comfort deductions for the people utilizing them [ 16 ] . One of the cardinal issues in human comfort is the human biometeorology. Due to the fact that air temperature is non the lone relevant variable, more than 100 simple thermic indices most of them two parametric quantity indices have been developed in the last 150 old ages to depict the complex conditions of heat exchange between the human organic structure and its thermic environment. Some good indices include the Standard Predictive Index of Human Response attack [ 17 ] , and Out_SET* [ 18 ] which is based on Gagge ‘s work. Blazejczyk ( 1994 ) [ 19 ] presented the man-environment heat exchange theoretical account MENEX, and the extended work by Horikoshi et Al. ( 1995, 1997 ) [ 20 ] resulted in a Thermal Environmental Index. With Gagge`s et Al. ( 1986 ) [ 17 ] betterment in the description of latent heat fluxes by the debut of PMV* , Fanger ‘s ( 1970 ) [ 21 ] attack can besides be considered among the advanced heat budget theoretical accounts. This attack is by and large the footing for the operational thermic assessment process Klima-Michel-model [ 22,23 ] of the Deutscher Wetterdienst with the result â€Å" sensed temperature, PT † [ 24 ] that considers a certain grade of version by assorted vesture. In this context, microclimatic conditions have begun being viewed as built-in to the success of an unfastened infinite as they determine critical parametric quantities for the usage of out-of-door infinites in the urban environment. Responses to microclimate may be unconscious, but they frequently result in the different a of unfastened infinite in different climatic conditions [ 25,26 ] . This paper goes farther, analyzing the manner microclimatic conditions, such as air temperature, solar radiation, comparative humidness and air current velocity and way, in relation with psychological factors affect the usage of urban unfastened infinites in a Mediterranean island clime, concentrating on the studies carried out in four different metropoliss in Crete, Greece [ 27 ] . The purpose of the paper is to supply the basic regulations which can be used for a sustainable design of unfastened urban infinites in every type of Mediterranean island. These regulations include: Categorization based on the hierarchy of the clime parametric quantities in order to cipher their part to the overall comfort degrees Determination of the comfort degrees of every microclimate parametric quantity harmonizing to the replies given both in winter and in summer clip Determination of the basic human parametric quantities that affect the comfort degrees Divide harmonizing to the usage of the four squares harmonizing to the consequences and suggestions for good intercessions of future designs This research given the former research workers experience attempts to implement the findings into a peculiar type of clime, the Mediterranean clime. Through this manner the basic indices can be validated and if possible recalculated in a different graduated table that is constructed by existent ballots and existent informations. No theoretical account can be decently implemented to any specific status if there is non any sort of accommodation to the basic features of every individual instance.2. MethodIn order to analyze the assortment of the several urban climes within Crete all the four sites that were selected have different features sing their flora, their location and their usage. The first 1 is within the historical centre of Chania, on the coastal zone, the 2nd one is between the shopping centre and the port in Rethymnon and it is surrounded by high traffic route, the 3rd one is in the shopping centre of Heraklion and several public edifices are located around it and the 4th is located on a mountain country near Heraklion called Archanes. In each of the four metropoliss take parting in the undertaking two instance surveies, one in the winter ( February 2009 ) and one in the summer ( July 2009 ) , were conducted from 10 am to 4 autopsy. Each site was monitored for a representative twenty-four hours each season ; the clime conditions of the yearss of the study were afterwards compared to the average climatic conditions at every metropolis for this season so as to corroborate the effectivity of the informations measured ( fig. 1 ) . The field studies involved elaborate microclimatic monitoring with the usage of a portable mini-weather station, with detectors conforming to ISO 7726 [ 28 ] , while people were studied in their natural environment through structured interviews and observations, to measure the comfort conditions in a graduated table of five degrees from really bad ( -2 ) to really good ( +2 ) their experience and their perceptual experience of the environment. Particular attention was taken to choose the interviewees in a mode representative of the different age groups and sexes present and the forms of usage of the different countries ( fig. 2 ) 2 ( how many interviews, male- female- age groups ) . This paper focuses on issues related to the usage of infinite, as opposed to people ‘s rating of the comfort conditions. Peoples were studied in their natural environment, while issues impacting the usage of infinite ( forms of usage, groups of people utilizing the infinite, penchants within the country, etc. ) were besides investigated. 2.1. Case surveies description The four sites considered in this survey [ 27 ] , viz. are: Talo square in Chania ( fig. 3 ) Talo is a seaboard square which delimits the terminal of the old Venetian Harbor metropolis of Chania. Displays a particular involvement to tourers as it is located within the touristic country and is besides close residential country. Access to the square is accomplished through the coastal prosaic path from the port or the way that runs to the South. The square interior has no shops or java installations. The unknown Soldier square in Rethymnon ( fig. 3 ) The square of the Unknown Soldier is at the terminal of the port of Rethymnon in a consolidation hub of the coastal route to the chief roads of the metropolis. Around the square, the route runs with increased traffic and lodging around the coffeehouse and stores. The Liberty Square in Heraklion ( fig. 3 ) Liberty Square is located in shopping centre of Heraklion and around it passes roads with high traffic. With the latest renovation slate, the minimalist attack gave a different design of the square the land was covered with marble while merely some of the trees ( eucalyptus ) were retained. Today, Liberty Square is a cardinal meeting point and amusement centre of citizens in Heraklion. Central square of Archanes ( Heraklion ) ( fig. 3 ) Archanes is declared a traditional colony and of important architectural and urban involvement. The reinforced environment of the small town during the last 15 ( 15 ) old ages is protected through a comprehensive plan of reclamation. Particular accent is given to the regeneration of the cardinal square of the municipality under Archanes, which together with nearby diversion utilizations ( stores, coffeehouse, eating houses ) compute a topographic point of remainder, drama and relaxation for occupants and attracts several visitants. In Archanes a important portion of the execution of development planning has won a big figure of differentiations. The square is surrounded by the chief route of the municipality and following to it there are several eating houses and java houses. 2.2. Environmental monitoring The field studies were scheduled to take topographic point twice within a twelvemonth, to acquire the seasonal fluctuation ( summer, winter ) , which affects the usage of infinite. The informations measured were air temperature, solar radiation, air current, comparative humidness and sound degree in dB. For the conditions microclimatic information measurings a figure of portable detectors were used. They were put in the center of every square ( Hobo weather station ) in relation with extra equipment that can easy be transported around in the exact topographic point of the interview ( Frederiksen manus pyranometer, Mastech sound flat metre ) . The measurings of the station were scheduled to salvage informations every five proceedingss whereas the informations that were collected in the exact topographic point of the interview were approximately every 15 proceedingss, depending on the clip between the two interviews. For the proof of the microclimatic conditions, the nearby conditions station was used to compare the informations monitored with the informations measured in every square. All the detectors were carefully selected to conform to the ISO 7726 ( ISO 1998 ) . 2.3. Human monitoring-questionnaire Peoples were studied in their natural environment, to measure their perceptual experience of the thermal, aglow and acoustic environment. The interview took topographic point in the exact topographic point where they sat or stood within the square. Issues impacting the usage of infinite ( forms of usage, groups of people utilizing the infinite, penchants within the country, etc. ) were besides investigated in a questionnaire compiled for the survey. The interviewees were describing their rating of different microclimatic parametric quantities either on a 5 or 3 point graduated table, every bit good as their appraisal of their overall comfort province. A questionnaire was designed in order to roll up the people ‘s perceptual experience of comfort a figure of other inquiries were asked to give inside informations about the topic and his/her perceptual experience of the physical environment. The consequences were collected on a standard signifier, which gives inside informations of the signifier of the inquiries outside the basic comfort and penchant graduated tables. A portable conditions station was constructed in order to mensurate ground-based meteoric conditions at the clip of the interview. The questionnaires will include information on: A A. OBSERVATIONS – Apparel – Consumption of cold drinks – Kinetic Status ( at remainder or in gesture ) – Residence clip in the square B ) QUESTIONS standards for comfort in the heat, air current, Sun, wet, acoustic environment C ) Psychological standards – Naturalness of the country ( naturalness ) – Expectations ( based on proposed alterations pictured ) – Experience ( feelings from their stay in the square ) – Reasons of visiting and utilizing ( free pick ) – Aestheticss of the country The measurings were conducted on four squares twice a twelvemonth, one in winter ( February 2009 ) and a summer ( July 2009 ) , 200 answered questionnaires, 100 each clip and about 25 in each square. This figure of responses is minimally sufficient to carry on valid and dependable decisions and was pre- calculated by statistics trials. The choice of the specific day of the months of the measurings was done following observations of the general clime of every metropolis all the month so as the climatic informations would be realistic of the microclimatic environment of the square the twenty-four hours of the measuring ( fig. 1 ) .4. Consequences4.1 Microclimatic informations A ¶ A sum-up of climatic informations for the different interview times, in different Cretan metropoliss appears in table 1 ( mean temperature ( A °C ) , comparative humidness ( % ) , velocity ( m/s ) and wind way, solar radiation strength ( W/m2 ) ) for the different squares. Weather consequences have been obtained as described from the portable conditions station detectors that were installed in each interview country, every bit good as from the portable measurement instruments ( thermometer, pyranometer, decibel metre ) in order to enter the comfort conditions in point precisely where the replies were given. Overall, the climatic informations recorded on the interview countries are in conformity with the records from the nearby conditions station for all metropoliss and seasons, any differences are chiefly attributed to the being of urban terrain and flora. Similarly, there are great differences in air current velocity which are chiefly due to difference in altitude measuring. The consequences of the portable conditions station were obtained from a degree of 2.00 m above the land surface of the square, and in the country there were obstructions or flora which surely affect the result consequences, while the location of the conditions station of each metropolis was clearly higher, and its topographic point has been carefully studied so as non to be any barriers. The definition of tallness and arrangement of the station precisely in the center of every square without taking into history the flora or any obstructions that may do different conditions, was deliberately made for the complete r ecording of conditions in each square in order to accomplish the existent conditions informations that affect the comfort conditions examined. 4.2 Human population informations The analysis of the human population answered the inquiries will give certain grounds about the type of people who use every square and besides their site-specific features which are important for the farther survey. Fig. 2 shows the frequence of usage of each square and provides a clear image of the penchant of occupants and visitants to the country. In fig. 3 appears the program of the square coloured from ruddy to yellow harmonizing to the figure of questionnaires that were conducted in that point. It reveals the basic paths and the most preferable sitting countries of the visitants. From the replies to the inquiries â€Å" how frequently do you see the country † and â€Å" do you populate or work in the vicinity † can be assumed that in Chania, Rethymnon and Heraklion, the per centum of local occupants is bigger than those who visited the site a minimal per hebdomad significance that some people do non take the site for day-to-day or hebdomadal usage even if they live or work nearby. Unlike in Archanes is observed the rearward consequence ; many visitants use really frequently the square. This consequence may nevertheless non be really representative of the square, bearing in head the fact that Archanes is a nearby finish from Heraklion and questionnaires were made in Sunday where many people visit the eating houses and coffeehouse that are around the square. 4.3 Comfort Data Before any farther measure, a more descriptive analysis of the answers of the respondents about the comfort conditions is necessary. The inquiries related to thermic comfort, irritation from the Sun, air current, humidness, and acoustic comfort. All responses were analyzed in five or three point graduated table and the possible responses range from â€Å" really small † ( -2 ) to â€Å" highly † ( 2 ) . The index ASV ( Actual Sensation Vote ) is a consequence of all the responses together with a drumhead inquiry, â€Å" Are you comfy? † this gives a clear image of comfort conditions in each square [ 13,27 ] . Before any farther analysis it is of import to specify which of these parametric quantities is considered the most important for the feeling of comfort harmonizing to the interviewees. The replies to the inquiry â€Å" ‘what do you see most of import when you chose a topographic point to sit in a square? † appears in fig. 4. This inquiry can be really helpful when designing because it is possible to modulate all facets of the comfort every bit good as the standardization of the factors impacting the comfort so it can give a clear image of which parametric quantity largely affects the comfort conditions ( temperature, sunlight, acoustic environment ) . The consequences from this inquiry are that sunlight has the greatest per centum of replies in all the squares, so the Sun control is an of import factor which influences the comfort ballot and is decisive for the viability of the square. It should besides be noted that the other two factors, viz. temperature and the acoustic environment in all the squares have about the same rate, is hence equal of import for the sustainability of the square. Figures 5a and 5b show the responses to thermal comfort ( heat ) , severally in summer and winter and table 2 shows the mean temperature prevailing in the squares when the ballot of comfort was positive ( All right ) . Talo square in Chania has the highest per centum of thermic comfort ( All right ballot ) both in summer ( 37 % ) with mean air temperature 27.7 A °C and in winter ( 73.1 % ) with mean air temperature 15.4 A °C. In Rethymnon the per centums of utmost ballots ( excessively small, excessively much ) both in summer and winter appear increased even though the air temperature both in summer ( 26.1A °C ) and in winter ( 16.3A °C ) appears between the comfort degrees harmonizing to the ISO 7730. This phenomenon is chiefly due to the deficiency of flora that could protect the walkers from the radiation from the Sun combined with high brooding stuffs that maximized it in the summer and the deficiency of any sort of protection from the temperature, the rain or the humidne ss within the square in the winter that made the dwellers experiencing uncomfortable while utilizing the infinite. The replies about the comfort from the Sun irritation are shown in fig. 6. By and large in winter the measurings of the Sun radiation were from 350 W/m2 to 550 W/m2 whereas in the summer the radiation increased significantly from 850 W/m2 to 950 W/m2. In winter all squares have a good response rate ( OK ) . On the reverse in the summer the ( OK ) replies about the comfort are increased in Chania ( 44.4 % ) and Archanes ( 91.3 % ) while the mean solar radiation, as it was measured from the conditions station, does non change so much in relation to the other two squares ( Rethymnon and Heraklion ) ( table 2 ) . These responses were determined largely by the land stuff every bit good as the naturalness of the topographic point. Both the squares in Archanes and in Chania have big countries of tall trees and flora and as a consequence, the sum of the standard radiation measu red was limited ( non more than 500 W/m2 as measured the portable pyranometer ) unlike the other two squares where the brooding stuffs on the land multiplied the standard solar radiation ( about 700 – 950 W/m2 as measured by the portable pyranometer ) . As appears on the figs 7a, 7b, which show the per centum of responses for comfort from the air current, the air current ballots are strongly influenced by air current velocity instead than by other factors that influence largely solar and thermic comfort. In all squares both in summer and winter there was no measuring of air current velocity above the 2 m/s, for that ground the most of the responses giver were favourable to the small air current that existed. The comparative humidness ( fig. 8 ) was measured really high in both winter and summer in all parts, realistic phenomenon if we take into history the Mediterranean clime of the island. The replies about the humidness were non tantamount to the RH measured, merely in Archanes where the sum of the humidness particularly in winter was really big the people were able to quantify their uncomfortableness due to the humidness degrees. Finally fig. 9 presents the responses of comfort for the acoustic environment. The responses to â€Å" hush † and â€Å" really quiet † can non be considered negative and on the charts were included in the ballot â€Å" All right † . It is clear that Chania has the largest per centum of positive acoustic comfort responses in both winter and summer, even if the sound degree does non vary much from part to part. The important difference of the Talo square is the sea, which produces adequate noise ( the dB metre near the sea measured noise about 60 dubnium ) but besides absorbs most negative traffic noise. 4.5 Evidence of adaptation The context of thermic comfort adaptivity involves all the procedures which people go through to better the tantrum between the environment and their demands. Three different classs can be identified: physical, physiological and psychological [ 29 ] . Physical version is related with the alterations a individual makes, in order to set oneself to the environment, or change the environment to his demands. In this context two different sorts of version were identified, reactive and synergistic. In the former the lone alterations happening are personal, such as changing one ‘s vesture degrees, place, etc. , whereas in the latter, people interact, doing alterations to the environment in order to better their comfort conditions, opening a window, opening a sunshade, etc [ 29 ] . In the squares of the survey the fluctuation of vesture was rather intense both in winter and in summer, as the temperature rises the sum of vesture ( as defined by ISO 7730 ) is reduced. The fluctuation of vesture in winter is non affected from the air temperature ; all squares have the same degrees of vesture, which is about 0.85. A Another factor that is perceived as active natural adaptability is the usage of cold or hot drinks or nutrient. The more the temperature increased the more people drank cold drinks which increase their comfort degree. As it has been studied [ 13 ] , the ingestion of cold drinks reduces the energy generated during the metamorphosis about 10 % . Physiological version or physiological acclimatisation implies alterations in the physiological responses ensuing from repeated exposure to a stimulation, taking to a gradual reduced strain from such exposure, therefore non of cardinal importance in this context. [ 29 ] ( three ) Psychological adaptation is related with the hypothesis that different people perceive the environment in a different manner, and it is argued that human response to a physical stimulation is non merely a map of its magnitude, but besides depends on the ‘information ‘ that people have for a peculiar state of affairs. Psychological factors are hence act uponing the thermic perceptual experience of a infinite and the alterations happening in it. [ 29 ] 1 ) The naturalness of the site seems that people appear to digest broad alterations of the physical environment, provided they are produced of course. The importance of the construct of naturalness in each square is obvious sing the responses to the inquiry â€Å" what do you like more of the square? † . In all the squares over 60 % of people, said â€Å" flora † or â€Å" H2O surface † while far fewer respondents answered â€Å" stuffs † or â€Å" design equipment † or â€Å" the surrounding edifices † . This phenomenon reinforces the premise that physical elements are the cardinal sustainability of a square. 2 ) The outlooks, which is what the environment should be like, instead than what it really is greatly influence people ‘s perceptual experiences. In out-of-door infinites this relates to the frequent answer people gave †it ‘s All right for this clip of twelvemonth † , †for this clip of twelvemonth I would prefer it warmer † , or †it ‘s winter it ‘s meant to be cold † . Except from the outlooks of the clime parametric quantities in the fig. 10 appear the outlooks of the site. Each interviewee was given a image of four squares, one with big countries of low grass and seting without any design equipment ( fig. 10, no1 ) , one with tall trees, walking countries and design equipment like benches ( fig. 10, no 4 ) , one more covered by concrete and with more design equipment, paving streets, visible radiations and a fewer flora ( fig. 10, no 3 ) and one where the flora lacks wholly wholly covered with concrete and cover stuffs wi th more commercial utilizations ( fig.10, no 2 ) . The inquiry was â€Å" Which of the undermentioned squares would wish to be near to your place and which near to your workplace? † . As shown in figure 10, for the residential country, about all responses were for the first two squares which had flora, the summer is preferred the 1 with the tall trees ( 54.0 % ) , while in winter the 1 with the grass ( 68.4 % ) . In contrast with the replies about the square near the workplace where, most of the people chose the other two squares merely in summer. Particularly for the square with no flora at all, the penchant rate is 17.3 % in winter and 32 % in summer. Taking these replies into history we can reason that the outlook of the design and flora of every square depends in a great degree on the location and the nearby utilizations of the metropolis country. 3 ) The perceived control as people who have a high grade of control over a beginning of uncomfortableness, digest broad fluctuations, are less irritated by it, and the negative emotional responses are greatly reduced. Fig. 11 shows the responses of the ground why people visited the square in relation with the responses of comfort ballot â€Å" All right † while the reply was given in natural temperatures harmonizing to the ISO [ 28 ] between 19A °C – 25A °C or non natural. . It presents the figure of people that although they were non in â€Å" natural † temperatures answered that they are comfy and the figure of people who were in conditions of comfort and answered that they truly feel comfy in combination with the grounds that everyone visited the square. The replies for the usage of every square are categorized in: – Topographic points advantages: is near the shopping centre, it is quiet, for the sea ) – Consumption: I need a bench to eat my sandwich ; I want to sit to do a call, to hold a java – Leisure: I like to loosen up here, my kids dramas with others – For a interruption: it is near my work so I can take my interruption at that place, interruption from shopping – For personal grounds: I have an assignment, one look for person ( friend, comparative ) that uses frequently the topographic point – For work: the cab topographic point is here, I promote coffin nails, refreshments – crossing through: I am merely go throughing through Apparently people who are in the infinite for assorted grounds are cognizant that it was their ain pick to expose themselves to these conditions, and when they wish can go forth, going more tolerant to the thermic environment. However, people who were at that place to run into person did non hold the option of go forthing when they wished to make so. The expiration of their exposure to the thermic conditions was dependent on external factors, in this instance the reaching of the other individual, which was doing hurt, doing them less tolerant to the environment. This issue of free pick becomes of premier importance in out-of-door infinites, where existent control over the microclimate is minimum, perceived control holding the biggest weighting. 4 ) Exposure clip as exposure to discomfort is non viewed negatively if the person anticipates that it is ephemeral. For the squares this survey verified the fig. 11 which is apparent that people who answered that visited the square to hold a interruption ( likely abruptly ) or said they merely do a walk had really high ballots of tolerance to â€Å" non natural † conditions. 5 ) Environmental stimulation is an issue of primary importance in external infinites, where the environment nowadayss few thermic restraints, this being an of import plus of such countries and one of the grounds that people use these infinites. Environmental stimulation is likely the chief ground for the bulk of people to sit out-of-doorss. It is besides non surprising that for the inquiry about the significance of out-of-door infinite the bulk of responses were â€Å" natural topographic point of relaxation and composure † and every other response was associated once more with the naturalness of the country but was concentrated more on the utilizations that need to be placed ( topographic point to socialise, resort area and athleticss country ) . From this statement, can be assumed the degree of importance that environment and flora has on the usage and viability of the unfastened urban infinite. It is hence important to heighten every mean in order to do the topographic poi nt more natural so that every sort of uncomfortableness can be ignored. 6 ) Aesthetic and functional standards, of the country and how pleasant it is when remaining in it is straight related to the sense of comfort. The aesthetic standards may be subjective but sometimes a big proportion of people who use it agree in some specific aesthetic or functional points about characteristics and design parametric quantities that are non normally accepted and cut down the livability of the square. Those elements of each square of the survey that are non delighting to the general populace can be easy predicted with the inquiry â€Å" what you do n't wish about the square † , so as to take them earnestly into history for any effort to redesign the square. Harmonizing to these replies in Chania 49.0 % of respondents said they do non like the parking country which is installed around the memorial, in Rethymnon 36.2 % pointed out the deficiency of flora and 38.3 % the design of the square reply which partially involves excessively the deficiency of flora, in Her aklion 61.4 % said the design of the square particularly indicated the design of the visible radiations and benches, and in Archanes the bulk of people wanted many more utilizations within the square and non around it. All these factors significantly affect the distribution of ballots in each square, so the right design requires taking into history the per centum of ballots affected by these factors.5. DiscussionConsequences from the analysis of all factors associating to soothe in assorted squares led us to some general decisions that allow any design to be executable and moreover affect the viability of the corresponding square. Each single square had good comfort ballots in specific parametric quantities ( Chania on the heat, Archanes in the Sun, etc. ) and non so good in others ( Rethymnon in the Sun, etc. ) . To build a general theoretical account that can be applied all over the island a basic rate of all consequences is indispensable and a standardization of all the instance surveies over the same graduated table [ 30 ] . 5.1 Ranking of the study unfastened topographic points Before any farther measure it is necessary the computation of some bioclimatic indexs of the out-of-door environment. The most of these indexs are defined by the European Union ( ISO 7730 ) and are important for the survey of comfort conditions in each square, severally [ 31,32 ] . Primary, the chilling power ( CP ) index was introduced to measure the out-of-door conditions [ 33 ] , defined as: CP= ( 0.421+0.087*u ) * ( 36.5-T ) mcal /m2 /s Where: U: is the air current speed in m/s Thymine: dry bulb temperature ( oC ) In table 3 appears the general degree for the index CP as used for the appraisal of bioclimatic conditions in the out-of-door environment. Fig. 12 shows the index of CP, as calculated from climatic informations measured when each questionnaire was taken, in relation with the corresponding degree of comfort which the index determines from the tabular array 3. Besides from the tabular array 3 and fig. 12 it is obvious that harmonizing to the index CP the comfort conditions in all the squares both in summer and in winter are non appropriate. In summer all questionnaires are answered with the index CP in the ruddy zone which indicated that the microclimatic conditions were â€Å" excessively hot † except in Rethymnon where the CP value is tolerable. Besides in winter the CP values in Chania and Rethymnon are in the ruddy zone every bit good, intending â€Å" excessively cold † , whereas Iraklion and Archanes have better but non the best values. As shown the index CP evaluates comfort merely with the climatic conditions and without taking into history the responses of comfort. The ISO 7730 defines thermic conditions of out-of-door environment in which the chance of a negative ballot is minimized. The index â€Å" Predicted Mean Vote – PMV † and the index â€Å" Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied † are based on ISO 7730 and are taking into history the climatic parametric quantities in concurrence with the relevant factors impacting the thermic esthesis of each respondent ( vesture, metabolic rate, feeding or imbibing ) [ 34 ] . With PMV and PPD we can obtain replies to the inquiries: is the thermic comfort in a topographic point non hone, how far from perfect is it? Or within what bounds should we keep temperature and humidness to enable sensible thermic comfort? The PMV-index predicts the average value of the subjective evaluations of a group of people in a given environment [ 35 ] . The PMV graduated tab le is a 15 -point thermal-sensation graduated table runing from -7 ( excessively cold ) to +7 ( excessively hot ) , where 0 represents the thermally impersonal esthesis. Even when the PMV-index is 0, there will still be some persons who are dissatisfied with the temperature degree, irrespective of the fact that they are all dressed likewise and have the same degree of activity – comfort rating differs a small from individual to individual. We can cipher the PMV values with the expression [ 34 ] : PMV = ( 0.303*e-0.036*M + 0.028 ) * [ M-W ) -H-Ec-Cres- Eres ] M= Metabolic rate. The rate of transmutation of chemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerophilic and anaerobiotic activities within the organic structure [ W/m2 ] W= Effective mechanical power [ W/m2 ] I-= Dry Heat Loss. Heat loss from the organic structure surface through convection, radiation and conductivity [ W/m2 ] I†¢c=Evaporative heat exchange at the tegument, when the individual experiences a esthesis of thermic neutrality. [ W/m2 ] Cres= Respiratory convective heat exchange [ W/m2 ] I†¢res= Respiratory evaporative heat exchange [ W/m2 ] Harmonizing to the PMV index ( fig. 13b ) , there is a strong difference between the two seasons. In winter the index values are close to 0, so for this factor it can be assumed that the comfort conditions are near to the ideal. On the other manus during the summertime the mean PMV index value is about 3 ( fig. 13b ) , figure non even in the acceptable bounds of the European graduated table ( table 3 ) . In figs 13 a, b we can see that overall, the existent esthesis ballot ( ASV ) is at higher degrees than indicated by the bing mathematical theoretical account of the computation of the predicted average ballot ( PMV ) . Throughout the twelvemonth the comfort degrees are near 90 % ( -1, 0, 1 ) , and merely 6 % of people feel discomfort â€Å" really hot † ( +2 ) in summer and 4 % feel uncomfortableness â€Å" really cold † ( -2 ) in winter. That great difference between the predicted mean ballots and the existent ballots can be explained by the deficiency of the questionnaire to find in greater item the ballot of comfort but merely in a 5 point graduated table without decimals and besides the psychological parametric quantities as analyzed above which affect in a great per centum the comfort ballot. It should be observed that a big proportion of responses runing between -2 to -1 and 1 to 2 severally, those degrees do non match to full comfort, but in equivocal state of a ffairss, approximately 30 % of people could alter easy their ballot. Common microclimatic informations with the PMV ( Predicted Mean Vote ) require two other indexes: PET ( Physiologically Equivalent Temperature ) and SET ( Standard Effective Temperature ) [ 36 ] . All those thermic indices are good documented and include of import meteoric and thermo-physiological parametric quantities so as to specify the entire comfort [ 37 ] . The graduated table that are measured is in oC but the parametric quantities required in the theoretical account are both climatic ( air temperature, humidness, radiation environment, wind velocity and way ) but besides physical features of every interviewee ( age, sex, weight, tallness, apparels, metamorphosis rate ) [ 38 ] . A full application of these thermic indices on the energy balance of the human organic structure gives elaborate information about the consequence of the thermic environment on every homo. For the computation of PET and SET it is used the Rayman theoretical account designed by Matzarakis [ 6,8,38 ] for every individual interview. The consequences of average values of these computations appear in fig. 14 where, harmonizing to the tabular array 3, the mean PET value during summer is on the â€Å" excessively hot † group whereas the mean PET value during winter is on the â€Å" comfort † group. The same applies besides to the SET values with a little difference in the summer. All these indexes reveal demand the same decision which can non be ignored in every design attempt of unfastened urban infinites in Crete. The job of uncomfortableness in the metropolis environments takes topographic point about 90 % during the summertime. Although the occupants are accustomed to the Mediterranean climatic conditions, the environment of the metropolis is instead unsuitable for them to experience comfort.6. Decisions and recommendationsThis survey was implemented in four squares in Crete, two seasons a twelvemonth ( winter, summer ) . The yearss of the measurings were carefully selected after meteoric rating of the conditions parametric quantities with the aid of specialised conditions prognosis so as to stand for the typical conditions conditions of the season so as to avoid any unusual values which could drive to false decisions. The survey is based on supervising weather informations in each square in concurrence with replying a sum of 200 questionnaires on the agr eeableness of people utilizing them. The survey is based on the hypothesis that the comfort conditions in each square comes as a consequence of the interaction of all the microclimatic parametric quantities together. Particularly for Crete it is assumed that air temperature and solar radiation are the most critical factors for accomplishing comfort and humidness and weave velocity affect the comfort ballot merely when temperature conditions are non natural. The portion of people who feel comfy during the interview in Crete is approximately 67 % , which is smaller than the consequences from RUROS which shows over 75 % yearly. This requires the distinction of the islands and the building of a skilled comfort theoretical account so that any signifier of intercession into the island unfastened infinite can hold a positive consequence on the viability of the metropolis. It is deserving detecting that all squares in the survey have been redesigned over the last three old ages, so can be assumed that the design solutions were made without any survey of the comfort conditions predominating in them. This fact can hike the basic intent of this survey as it is obvious that every effort of planing unfastened urban infinite can take into history the site specifications, the people wonts and the local conditions parametric quantities in order to guarantee that it will go a unrecorded unfastened topographic point of societal interaction. As assumed from the consequences in some squares ( Rethymnon ) , several negative ballots ( -2, +2 ) were within the bounds of comfort. Large function for this phenomenon plays every signifier of adaptation: physical, physiological and psychological. The vesture degrees, which straight affect human metamorphosis, can impact mostly the thermic esthesis. Even the ISO 7730 incorporates both the vesture and metamorphosis in the theoretical theoretical account for comfort ( PMV ) . Other indexes like PET and SET have taken these factors into history but they do n't reflect in great conformity the ballot for comfort of the interviews. Important function in the sense of comfort besides play the naturalness of the country, outlooks, perceived control, exposure clip, aesthetics and functionality of the site and close utilizations. All these factors significantly affect the experience of infinite of every interviewee. The physical environment and psychological version is argued to be complementary instead than contradictory, and consideration of this dichotomy could increase the usage of the metropolis ‘s unfastened infinites, beef uping societal interaction between citizens by leting chances for such interaction to take topographic point. This paper identified the climatic factors which affect the most of the responses of comfort and their interaction, field studies besides reveal assorted issues sing version of users to the out-of-door environment, proposing that a strictly physiological attack is unequal in qualifying thermic comfort conditions in out-of-door infinites, therefore stressing the demand for look intoing different ways to quantify comfort conditions out-of-doorss. In order to reason with a basic theoretical account of comfort which could foretell the comfort ballot of the users with taking into history the parametric quantities that is concluded that affect the most the ballots, it is indispensable a reorientation of the basic thermal indexes and a more specialised theoretical account that takes into history the particular characteristics of the Mediterranean clime. For the effectivity of this theoretical account, farther measurings are needed every bit good as a specialised analysis of full representation of climatic behaviour of each square. This would help the design of insular metropoliss through the design of out-of-door infinites and finally the usage of these infinites, by leting for different activities to be carried out and societal interaction to take topographic point, giving life back to the island unfastened infinites. Ultimately, such systematic cognition can lend to the sustainable development of island communities of the hereaf ter.

Writing Your Personal Statement

What Is the personal statement? The personal statement is your chance to demonstrate what an excellent candidate y o are for your chosen course/ s. The statement cannot be more than 4000 characters including spaces or 47 lines. AAAS use sophisticated anti plagiarism software, so make sure your statement is all your own work, under no circumstances should you be tempted to Inc elude catapulted material from any source! How should I structure my personal statement?The recommended structure is as follows: paragraph 1 – explain why you are passionate about your subject and why you are such a good candidate for the course paragraph 2 – demonstrate what skills you have already developed from your A level studies and wider experiences paragraph 3 – demonstrate what personal qualities you have, and how much of a contribution to university life you can make The best statements will also start with strong opening and closing sentences, but war et the main 3 sections first before you start to worry about these.Guidelines for each section Paragraph 1 – academic interest This should be the largest section of your statement (at least 50%) The key points for this section are to: show real passion and enthusiasm for your chosen subject show that you have academic curiosity This Is best achieved by Including examples of your wider reading and/ or talks you have attended and/ or other activities you have taken part in outside of your A level lessons. It is

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Project management - Essay Example However, besides all the tools, concepts and extensive planning’s, the strength of any project and businesses are the employees and workers operating in the project. The organizations have two fates, rather they go up and gains success or they vanish slowly and gradually. And the success and vice versa depends on the performance of the employees. So whether it is a small business or large firm, the quality of the employees makes it, or breaks it. Along with it the satisfaction of the employees, their performance and their motivation and rewards are the most important aspects for the successful upgrading. The leadership qualities of the project manager are the baseline of the successful project. Within a project, there stands from few to hundreds of personnel that have different attitudes and different frame of mind, so it’s all within the project manager that at the end of the project is either praised the most or humiliated, otherwise. The leadership qualities include excellent command over verbal and non verbal skills, ability to cope with the extreme situations and consistency. He should be flexible in terms of compensations and rewards, should asses the problems at what glance and must be capable of handling the situation as a boss. The project manager must have excellent convincing power and he must know that how to communicate all what is required from the employees as a work. The job description communicated adequately also defines the nature of working of the employees. Hiring the right employees is not only important but the most essential part of the project management, because these employees will be conducting all of the works and tasks required for the objectives of the project to be completed. The motivation of the employees is the very important factor in order to get the project successful. The competitive project manager knows that the motivation is the driving force of the employees and worker. The lack of motivation results in b ad management and hence results in the failure of the project implementation. Lack of motivation will result in low sales, improper implementation of procedures, rise in unwanted expenses, and negligence to good work, that all contribute to ineffective management. It is always obvious when the project manager see the sales getting down or rather the target could not be achieved accordingly. The most important thing before getting to the employees is finding and getting RIGHT employees for the project. For the things get moving in the right direction, the project manager needs the right employees. And it is the part where the first success of the project lies. Another important aspect is the consideration of the employee requirement. â€Å"It is a two way handshake that becomes the arms of single body†. For the competitive employee hiring, the project must be of the same caliber. The desires, thoughts and requirements of the employees are very important. Along with the employe e’s selection and recruiting, the working environment of the employees is very important. Safe and sound work environment creates ideal conditions for the employees to work properly. The employee motivation to do work according to the manager needs also lies within the other important factor which is the benefits offered. The benefits attracts the good and professional employees that latter becomes the driving force towards success. In order for the efficient workforce, the modern theory of the

Your position on priated movies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Your position on priated movies - Essay Example Pirated movies might be great for some consumers, but they have a negative impact on the film industry, can influence consumers to pay good money for horrible quality, and is considered a form of theft. Since pirated movies are stolen movies, those who create and distribute pirated movies should be treated and punished as criminals. One of the greatest misconceptions of movie piracy is that wealthy filmmakers cannot possibly be affected by losing sales on their films. Indeed, many people who engage in film piracy condone their actions by pointing out that members of film crews make more money than is necessary and can afford to allow a few movies to be released without requiring pay (Aicher 61). What they do not realize is that the profits made from films do not simply line the pockets of the filmmakers, but are also used for future film productions. This negative financial impact on the film industry will result in fewer high budget films, including many of the popular franchises, such as Marvel’s The Avengers, Star Trek, and The Hunger Games, and a significant decrease of releases in general. Furthermore, movie theaters throughout the world would feel the repercussions of film piracy if the film industry ceased to release movies to be shown at the theaters. Theaters would then lose sales, make no return profit, and be forced to shut down business. Though it may be unfathomable, film piracy has the ability to completely destroy the renowned success of the world’s collective film industry (Segrave 115). Regardless of whether or not people think filmmakers make too much money, it needs to be known that for any industry, an individual person or any entire company requires payment to continue doing what they do best. If those heavily engaged in film piracy persist on taking and selling product that are not their own, they will not only rob the film industry of its legacy but destroy entertainment for people worldwide. The filmmakers are not the only

The Purpose of Friendship Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Purpose of Friendship - Research Paper Example The question of why an individual will be attracted to another as a friend when he already has a family he belongs to is a basic curiosity that we usually take for granted. Rubin, Fredstrom, and Bowker (2008) came up with a basic operationally defining features of friendship as: I have been fortunate to have had established several friendships in my life and each one has its own kind of bond. There are friends who I have met in certain social circles who naturally gravitated towards me and vice versa. There are those who naturally fall into fast friendships with me because we share a common interest. All these wonderful friends pass the defining features of friendships as described above. The famous writer, C.S. Lewis (1960) theorized that friendship arises out of mere Companionship when two or more of the companions realize that they share some common insights or interests. Initially, each thought they were the only ones who did, but now a common bond surrounds them, tightening their hold on each other. Emerson qualifies the love that binds friends in relation to Lewis’ theory that when one asks, â€Å"Do you love me?† it means â€Å"Do you see the same truth?† or at least, â€Å"Do you care about the same truth?† (Doyle & Smith, 2002). Pahl (2005) agrees, adding that friendship is becoming an increasingly essential ‘social glue’ since it holds together various kinds of social bonds. My varied interests have led me to various sets of friends†¦some are from my childhood, several from school and others from various groups I have been involved with. With each friend, I can recall a certain common thing I share, be it an int erest for a particular hobby, a liking for a certain celebrity, an aversion for another person or even a sense of humor that clicks with each other.

Strategic Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Strategic Analysis - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that technological intervention has broken all geographical barriers thereby shrinking the world into a small global village. This has increased the level of competition in the markets since companies have to compete with local, as well as foreign brands. In such competitive times, information bears great relevance for any organization since it provides the basis for effective decision making and strategic analysis. It is a thing of the past when managers developed long terms goals and relied on their luck to attain success. The modern competitive times require proactive strategic analysis that caters the changes in the internal as well as external environments. The domain of strategic analysis provides the guiding principles and approaches to survive in the competitive world and attain success. Earlier, organizations developed a source of competitive advantage and simply had to defend the respective product or service against any probable replacements. In the modern markets, there exists no such thing as finding a competitive advantage and sticking to it. Dynamism tends to benefit more than rigidity. Kathwala stated that companies need to ensure that they perform comprehensive strategic analysis and adopt strategic flexibility so that they are able to reallocate their focus from one domain to the other to cater to the frequent changes in customers’ demands.

BHS 420 Mod 1 CBT (Quantitative Reasoning) Essay

BHS 420 Mod 1 CBT (Quantitative Reasoning) - Essay Example 52). I agree with this statement and feel that it is important to learn critical thinking. Secondly, I would like to learn to understand the research process whereby accurate data can be obtained to support or disprove any particular hypothesis. Finally, I think that the ability to combine both qualitative and quantitative processes to achieve the answer to a research question is a superior approach. While both methods have their independent strengths, I believe that they are best used in combination to balance the data and increase understanding of the results. From a personal standpoint, i.e., outside of my professional career, I think that the knowledge gained from this course will allow me to perceive aspects in my daily life with a more accurate view because I will be constantly thinking about why events have happened. I will be considering possible explanations and will be equipped to analyze the information I encounter in a logical and reasonable manner; and I think this is applicable to all aspects of life. In writing about sports statistics, Guthrie (1994) stated that people â€Å"who are otherwise averse to quantitative reasoning will often become expert analysts when the subject being analyzed is of interest to them. A statistical argument presented in a context of ones experience is far more likely to be retained than one presented in the context of a hypothetical situation† (p. 1064). I think this validates my perception that critical thinking is not solely for professionals; it has application across all spectrums of hu man experience. History has revealed many people who have been considered geniuses in their field such as Beethoven in music or Earnest Hemingway in literature. Many of these individuals, however, were also known to suffer from manic-depression or what today is called Bipolar disorder. The health-related research

Harley Davidson in Pursuit for Female Riders Essay

Harley Davidson in Pursuit for Female Riders - Essay Example The project talks about the objective of the event, the marketing strategy applied by the company to gain success in the market and stay ahead of its competitors and the promotional methods adopted by Harley Davidson in respect to the event. Recommendation to HD is not required as it has adopted all the necessary strategies needed to make an event a success and HD being a big brand, the brand names is enough for it to generate potential customers and create awareness. Overview about the Company Harley Davidson is a US based manufacturing company of motorcycles which was founded way back in 1903. Harley Davidson started with a mission to ride with every customer and apply with them the connection in each and every market the company serves in order to create a superior value for the stakeholders. The company’s vision is to fulfill the dreams of every biker on the road by providing them with extra ordinary bikes and with satisfied experience. Harley Davidson aims to fuel the pas sion for freedom in their customers and express individuality. Hardly Davidson provides an emotional connection with Harley Davidson bikes and other related products. The company believes in providing superior quality of products because of the trust and brand loyalty the customer’s shows in the brand and the company1. As male section is often known for their urge to drive a Hardly Davidson and own one, similarly for the female riders Harley Davidson has introduced bikes and has conducted events to encourage the female riders to drive their HD. The Harley Davidson community has organized an event for females, the Garage Party mainly targeting the female sections2 . Situation Analysis Situation This project on event management talks about the event that Harley Davidson organizes for its female riders. The events are conducted by the dealers of HD and it continues for around a month in different states of US. HD conducts two events for females, the Garage party and women riders ’ month. It was conducted in the month of May when thousands of women across the world came together to become a part of HD. Women participated in events like Garage party and supported worthy cause3. Objectives The objective of such an event was to fulfill the dreams of females from learning to ride a HD to buy the right bike and to ride in the road with great confidence. The event was conducted for a cause which was attended by thousands of females across the world. Marketing Strategy HD had released that the bikes were not only ageing but also the percentage of female customers have increased over the years. The company knew that with a change in demographics the sales could be affected and realized the necessity to tap into the new market segment for females. The company’s initial strategy was to take over the brand Buell in order to tap the new market segment. The Buell bike was ideal not only for new riders but also for small riders and particularly for female ri ders. Seeing the growth in female customers Harley Davidson adopted the marketing strategy of product extension. The company introduced new bikes specially made for the women customers. Women are not only purchasing the smaller and light bikes but according to information on HD website, females purchasing the 883 Sportster Hugger which is designed with lower seat and short

How Does Facebook Impact on Your Life Essay Example for Free

How Does Facebook Impact on Your Life Essay What is the most popular social network in the world? I believe that most people prefer the answer â€Å"Facebook†. Nowadays, there are more and more people join the Facebook. You can always see such situations that some people refresh their Facebook when they have nothing to do, and there are some people even only use Facebook to keep in touch with others. Actually, Facebook has already become a part of our life; and it changed our lives in four aspects: it changed our online life, relationships with our parents, relationships with our friends, and also eased our feeling of loneliness. The first aspect is that Facebook fulfilled our Internet lives. Do you still remember what did you usually do on the Internet before the Facebook was invented? Use my own experience for example; before the Facebook was invented, I only use the basic functions of the Internet, such as check the emails, look for some news on the Internet, sometime I also play some online games. At that time, I prefer to watch TV rather than surf the Internet. However, after the Facebook was invented, my online life changed. When I surf the Internet, the first thing I have to do is check my Facebook, because many of my friends who changed their states everyday. From their states I can know what happened to my friends. Sometimes I can also share some interesting videos and pictures to my friends, it also made me feel closer with my friend. Actually, not only myself, but also other teenagers have the similar situations. In â€Å"Facebook is a major influence on girls, says survey†, Sean Coughlan (2010) reported that there is a survey based on 3000 parents and 1000 children in the UK, and they found that Facebook made a big influence on children, especially on girls. In that survey, children are asked to list three important things in their life. The result shows that 41% of the girls and 17% of the boys believe that technology is one of the biggest influences, and many girls regard the Facebook as their important part in their life. They believe that Facebook is more important than TV, magazines and even their brothers or sisters. It sounds a little crazy, however, it is true that Facebook has already changed our Internet life. In fact, Facebook didn’t only change our Internet life, but also create a new way to communicate with your parents and friends. As there are more and more teenage Facebook users, many parents try to communicate with their kids through Facebook. However, is it an effective way to use Facebook to get closer with their child? In â€Å"Student’s Facebook ‘friends’: public and private spheres†, Anne West, Jane Lewis and Peter Currie (2009) analysis that most teens feel weird when adults have Facebook. Huffington Post (2007) use a student’s words as example, the student said that if his or her parents know so much about his or her Facebook activities, he or she will has a feel that his or her parents want to know the secrets between his or her friends. He or she wants his or her parents could understand that Facebook profile is prepared for people who are sharing his or her experience (cited in West, Lewis Currie, 2009). From this example, we can see that many teenagers don’t like adding their parents as friends. They want a world that they can chart with their friends without worrying about their parents. However, there are still many teenagers believe that Facebook is a good way to communicate with their parents. For instance, there is a girl noted that her mother just got into Internet for few days and her mother likes to see her photos. The girl believes that it is a good way to keep in touch with her mother (West, Lewis Currie, 2009). In another case, there is a friend of mine insist on communicating with his mother through the Internet. They believe that add each other as a Facebook friend is a symbol of reliance. My friend likes to update some photos with his friends, and his mother likes to share some tips in daily life with Facebook. With the help of Facebook, their relationship became better and better. As there are more and more people who know how to use Internet, we need to believe that one day, parents can get closer with their kid by using Facebook. Facebook does not only change our relationships with our parents, but also with our friends. Before the Facebook was invented, maybe the most common way to communicate with others is cellphone. You can text or phone others. However, with the birth of the Facebook, we have a new way to communicate with our friends. In â€Å"Me and My 400 Friends: The Anatomy of College Students’ Facebook Networks, Their Communication Patterns, and Well-Being†, Manago, Taylor and Greenfield (2012, pp. 374) did a survey on 400 people. According to their study, the average time that people spend on the Facebook is a little over an hour, and 80% of the people would log in the Facebook many times a day. Most people would like to update their status a few times a week. Status is most common use of the Facebook. From our friends’ statues we can know more about our friends’ life. To some degree, it is a kind of communication when you see your friends’ statue and leave a comment under their statue. According to Manago, Taylor and Greenfield’s study, the most common statues are others’ emotion condition (51% of participants). Then the second and the third most common statue is â€Å"what you a doing† and â€Å"vent frustration†. Therefore, we can easily know something from others’ statue. That is why Facebook provide us a new way to communicate with our friends. Actually, most young people like to use Facebook to keep in touch with their friends. Use my friends for example; Dale and Ronda are young couple with two kids. They like to go vocation in holidays. Each time when they come back they will update their statues and photos. It makes them feel closer with their friends. From these examples we can see that Facebook really changed our relationship with our friends a lot. The forth aspect that Facebook influent our life is that Facebook can ease our feeling of loneliness. In the article â€Å"Is Facebook Making Us Lonely? †, Marche (2012, P. 62) points out that Americans are much more lonely than ever before. In 1950, only less than 10% of the homes have only one person. However, by 2010, nearly 27% of the homes have only one person. From these information we can see that people became more and more lonely, because many of them living alone, they don’t have somebody to talk with them. That is the problem, and Facebook can solve this problem perfectly. Although you could not live with your friends, you could communicate with them through Facebook. Marche (2012, P. 64) also reported that in 1985, only 10% of the Americans had no one to talk about vital matters. However, by 2004, the year when Facebook launched, 25% Americans had no one to talk to. To solve this problem, Facebook provides a platform that you can discuss important matters with others. Facebook is not only a social networking, but also a â€Å"medicine† which can reduce the feeling of loneliness. There are some people argue that the motive for using Facebook may impact on loneliness. For instance, some people may addict to Facebook, so they prefer to use the Internet to communicate with others but not talk to others in reality. About this point, Mathew Ingram, an excerpt from BusinessWeek blog post, explains that Facebook would not promote connections in real world. He met many friends from Internet. He agrees that there are people became lonelier because of using the Internet, just like many lonely people like to watch a lot of late-night TV show. However, it doesn’t mean that Facebook causes loneliness (cited in Marche, 2012, P. 17). From the information above, we can see that Facebook really changed our life. In conclusion, Facebook changed our life in many aspects. It does not only add more happiness on your Internet life, but also make your relationships with others better. In the modern world, people became lonelier and lonelier. With the help of the Facebook, we can meet more new friends; we can keep in touch with our old friends, it can also help us to get out from the shadow of the loneliness. Facebook or social networking has already been a part of our life. Therefore, all we need to do is to make good use of the Facebook and let it serve us in a better way.

Conventions of Representation in Art

Conventions of Representation in Art Conventions in Art Throughout time, conventions of representation in portraiture dynamically transformed throughout history, considerably changing each artists genre of work supporting personal conventions portrayed in the time periods heavily varied. To an extent understanding, the change of convention in portraiture is crucial, allowing the society to move forward from all limitation from the past and extend its news innovation. Conventions of representation define as a set of a regulation of undertaking something. This allow the human society are signified in the art movement between intervals of time and places further describing an accepted way of representing something in a symbolic representation. Many periods of art depicted conventions of representations. The Renaissance; exemplified through the work of Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man during the Renaissance period, portrayed the rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman ideas, Modernism; Neo-Expressionism, Edvard Munch The Scream thrived from the Modernist period of Neo-Expressionism primarily adapting the world solely from a subjective perspective evoking moods. and contemporary art; Feminism; the work of Barbara Kruger accentuates the conventions of Feminist movement conveyed through post-modern techniques. Thus, through the adaptions of conventions of representations in portraiture, it dynamically altered through history in works of these artists. Portraiture has changed throughout history simply the wide range of materials utilised in the early years of art throughout the contemporary society thus changing the conventions of representation. This is described through the imperative notions of culture depicted in Renaissance Greek era which was extensively prevalent and mastered with the widespread forms of art during the periods of Renaissance, Modernism and contemporary. Representations in Egyptian shadowed strict traditions Frontalism. Every example of Egyptian art strictly highlighted in this style. This is portrayed where the head of the character is always symbolised to the side, a right angle to the body, while the body is perceived from the front. The eyes are portrayed in the front side perspective as Egyptians valued the eyes more than anything else, valued in highly on prosperity, adolescence and well-being. Ancient Greeks also had a fascination with portraiture, mostly in its sculpted form. This is indicated by the Golden Ratio used to create aesthetics and visual harmony, based on the idea of mathematical equations and science to create perfected, idealised proportions. This can be demonstrated through The Parthenon of a mathematical approach. The creations of Greeks strongly portrayed the success of their society; strong athleticism, philosophy or power. The Renaissance between 1400-1600 revamped portraiture in its modern sense and is an essential. Predominately portraying nobles, and religious figures. This was a period of the Rebirth of Classical Greek and Roman ideals. Also, utilising the idea of perfect and idealised proportion, adapting to the convention of maths and science to create beauty, perfection and religious ideals. Conventions of representations were highly significant in Renaissance art. The conventions during Renaissance represented their way of life, this was often portrayed in many religious paintings. It was a way to characterise of cultural traits. The idea of the concept is signified in the convention of oil painting. Oil painting was extremely implemented in Northern Europe during the early fifteenth century, later becoming popular in the late century. A slow drying process, allowing modification while its drying procedure. This allowed an artist to create luminous effects because oil could be applied lightly. Oil painting allowed the ability to paint with a more dominant variety of colours which allowed to further explore and visualise human figures, architecture and natural environment in a realist aspect. This was often utilised with well-known Renaissance artists such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. Renaissance artist also had a volume of knowledge on the fundamentals, anatomy, composition, line, light and shadow as well as having the artistic mind of creating a scene to emphasise the perfection and beauty. The optical linear perspective was exceedingly used to create a high central depth by shadows and interposition, and a depth of emotion which suggests human feeling instead of static and passive icons. The Renaissance brought back the idea of figures being realistic, using new ideas about maths and science to these realistic figures. More so, It also represented idealised figures such the work of Michelangelo The Creation of Adam demonstrating strength and power of society, often embodying religious figures and ideals. Major issues occurred during the Renaissance period. A factor was the Protestant Reformation throughout the 16th century in Europe removing its tradition of Catholic art. A new artistic practice developed, followed Protestant tradition and divided drastically from the southern European tradition and art produced during the High Renaissance. More so, the Catholic Counter-Reformation both reacted against and responded to Protestant reproaches of art in Roman Catholicism to produce style of Catholic art. Both countries later expanded into secular forms of art, history, landscape, portraiture and still life. Through the influence of this concern, this created massive tension between notions of art. The influence of the Wars of Religion transformed the way of Renaissance artist viewed their religious ideals. In the work of Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man the pen and ink illustration, exemplifies this concern representing the conventions of the Renaissance period. Famous artwork portraying the study of the male human proportions. Da Vinci symbolises the combination of science, mathematics and art to represent of his vision of the world attempting to create perfect proportions of the male in myriad forms of geometric shapes. The Golden Ratio and Fibonacci is both a mathematician concept to contributing to the perfect ratios and proportional sizes of the human body. This concept represents the conventions as during this period many artist and audience viewed their perfections in the anatomy and perfect idealised body. For many this, many of high class religious patrons highly valued the satisfactory of these works paying high amounts of money to be displayed in religious areas (churches, chapel). Thus, through this idea it significantly demonstrates the conventions of representation in port raiture. Furthermore, during the modernist period, Neo-Expressionism was a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century. An idea to present the world exclusively from an independent perception, distorting it radically for emotionally effect to evoke attitudes or idea. Neo-Expressionist artists sough to express denotation or emotional experience rather than physical authenticity. An inspired movement by the Symbolist currents in late 19th century. Fin de Siecle was a major influenced on the way he views the world trailing his downfall. A period of degeneration but also of a new beginning of new global economic and political system. This movement affected many European countries and artist. More so, The Industrial Revolution Turn of the Century in Europe, shifted in artistic styles and create major changes of the society. Innovative technologies and immense urbanisation efforts reformed the individuals perspective, and artists replicated the psychosomatic impact of these developments rendering into artworks. The work of Edvard Munch Scream exemplifies fin-de-siecle feels of remoteness, disillusionment and phycological anguish conveyed through distorted forms. An icon and a metaphor of mans existential loneliness and angst. Throughout his life, Edvard Munch struggled with anxiety through personal levels. His mentally ill sister was hospitalised during The Scream was painted in 1893. This damaged Munch in myriad of individual ways, undergoing both physical and mental suffering in the modern age and thus representing his ideas through this painting. This sparked the emotions demonstrated in this work executed with pastel and crayons to create these exaggerated, harsh, gloomy colours highlighted in the rough expressionistic lines and swirling, swaying and exaggerated brushstrokes. Thus, through this work supports the idea of conventions of representations are significant in different periods of time and events occurring. In addition, contemporary arts conventions are significant. Contemporary art is the art of today, the twenty-first century. The change of innovations allows artist to move on from the past and allow new technology to create new styles. Feminist art, an aim to make the audience question the social rules of society hoping to make a change to women society, Womens Right Movement. This statement can be reflected upon all the audiences of men and still today this has not been achieved. If often use Post-modern techniques; humour, appropriation, parody, sarcasm and a unique political statement. Barbara Kruger, Untitled (Your Body is a Battleground) demonstrates this concept, conveying a political message. The two halves of the image, the negative and the positive interpretation, emphasise the dual nature underlying of matter. The feminine figure becomes a combat zone that women both struggle for. The advancement of technology in the contemporary society allowed Kruger to create a graphic design, phrases to catch the viewers attention using the language of contemporary publications. Kruger changes the way women have been traditionally depicted for centuries by artists as sex symbols who are dominated by men.ÂÂ   The message addresses the issue of the continued feminist struggle, connecting the physical body of female views necessitate the feminist demand. Kruger utilises the appropriation of images from their original context in magazines and sets them as the background against which she illustrates expressive phrases. The use confronting of red, white, and black, each element of the final artwork is crucial to its effectiveness as a significant protest. Through this artwork, Kruger evoke an immediate response for the audience highly from the opposite gender. The creation of digital art conjures a larger audience to create an implication, expanding the demand shared in social media platforms to a larger social and cultural response. In conclusion, each phase of historical period exerted distinctive styles of work. The change of convention in portraiture is vital, consenting humanity to advance from all constraints from the past and outspread its innovation. Through the artworks of Vitruvian Man, Scream, and Untitled (Your Body is a Battleground) it demonstrates a clear understanding of the difference of convention utilised between the unique eras. Each era had a distinctive philosophy. Different problematic concerns continued to influenced society influencing artists whether its emotionally or physically, thus rendering into paintings to explore notions. Conventions of representation in portraiture vigorously reformed, as the world is constantly is changing mythology, hence conventions modify.